SE365 · Lectures 6–7 · Annotated SlidesEstablishing Requirements
Original
Overview

Establishing Requirements

Data gathering (interviews, questionnaires, observation, ethnography, contextual inquiry), recording and guidelines, kinds of requirements, personas and scenarios, use cases and hierarchical task analysis, then data analysis: quantitative and qualitative, grounded theory and activity theory.

How to read this page

Every original slide is shown unchanged. Yellow marks on a slide point to a numbered note: hover or tap a mark to jump to its note, and hover a note to see its marks. Questions tagged Past exam appeared on a real paper; Prediction questions are likely angles, not confirmed. Pick an answer to each question: a wrong pick tells you why it is wrong, so you can try again.

All 82 slides
  1. 1 Slide 1
  2. 2 Overview
  3. 3 Learning Outcomes
  4. 4 Requirement: What, How and Why?
  5. 5 What, How and Why?
  6. 6 Data gathering: Five key issues
  7. 7 Data gathering for requirements
  8. 8 Interviews
  9. 9 Interview questions
  10. 10 Interview questions (cont)
  11. 11 Interview questions (cont)
  12. 12 Running the interview
  13. 13 Enriching the interview process
  14. 14 Data gathering for requirements (cont)
  15. 15 Questionnaires
  16. 16 Questionnaire design
  17. 17 Questionnaire & response format
  18. 18 Encouraging a good response
  19. 19 Example of an online questionnaire
  20. 20 Advantages of online questionnaires
  21. 21 Problems with online questionnaires
  22. 22 Data gathering for requirements (cont)
  23. 23 Observation
  24. 24 • Direct observation
  25. 25 Web analytics
  26. 26 Slide 26
  27. 27 Structuring frameworks to guide observation
  28. 28 Ethnography
  29. 29 Ethnography (cont)
  30. 30 Ethnography
  31. 31 Online Ethnography
  32. 32 An Ethnography project for you..
  33. 33 An Ethnography project for you.. (cont)
  34. 34 Contextual Inquiry
  35. 35 Data gathering for requirements (cont)
  36. 36 Choosing and combining techniques
  37. 37 Summary
  38. 38 Techniques in data gathering
  39. 39 Data Recording
  40. 40 Data Recording (cont)
  41. 41 Data Recording (cont)
  42. 42 Problems with data gathering
  43. 43 Problems with data gathering (cont)
  44. 44 Problems with data gathering (cont)
  45. 45 Data gathering guidelines
  46. 46 Data gathering guidelines (cont)
  47. 47 Establishing requirements
  48. 48 Different kinds of requirements
  49. 49 Different kinds of requirements (cont)
  50. 50 Different kinds of requirements (cont)
  51. 51 What are users’ capabilities?
  52. 52 Kinds of requirements
  53. 53 Persona
  54. 54 Persona
  55. 55 Scenarios and Personas
  56. 56 Task descriptions
  57. 57 Scenario
  58. 58 Use Case
  59. 59 Alternative courses for travel organizer
  60. 60 Example use case diagram for travel organizer
  61. 61 Example essential use case for travel organizer
  62. 62 Task Analysis
  63. 63 Hierarchical Task Analysis
  64. 64 Example Hierarchical Task Analysis
  65. 65 Example Hierarchical Task Analysis (graphical)
  66. 66 Summary
  67. 67 Data interpretation and analysis
  68. 68 Quantitative and Qualitative
  69. 69 Simple Quantitative Analysis
  70. 70 Visualizing log data
  71. 71 Visualizing log data
  72. 72 Simple Qualitative Analysis
  73. 73 Simple Qualitative Analysis
  74. 74 Tools to support data analysis
  75. 75 Theoretical frameworks for qualitative analysis
  76. 76 Grounded Theory
  77. 77 Code book used in grounded theory analysis
  78. 78 Excerpt showing axial coding
  79. 79 Activity Theory
  80. 80 Individual model
  81. 81 Presenting the findings
  82. 82 Summary
Slide 1 / 82

Slide 1

Slide 1: Slide 1
Slide 2 / 82

Overview

Slide 2: Overview
Slide 3 / 82

Learning Outcomes

Slide 3: Learning Outcomes
Slide 4 / 82

Requirement: What, How and Why?

Slide 4: Requirement: What, How and Why?
Slide 5 / 82

What, How and Why?

Slide 5: What, How and Why?
Slide 6 / 82

Data gathering: Five key issues

Slide 6: Data gathering: Five key issues

Exam angle

PredictionQ1

Using more than one data-gathering technique to confirm findings is:

Slide 7 / 82

Data gathering for requirements

Slide 7: Data gathering for requirements
Slide 8 / 82

Interviews

Slide 8: Interviews

Notes

  1. Interviews: unstructured (open), structured (fixed questions), semi-structured (mix), group interviews / focus groups.

Exam angle

PredictionQ1

An interview with a script of set questions plus probing follow-ups is:

Slide 9 / 82

Interview questions

Slide 9: Interview questions
Slide 10 / 82

Interview questions (cont)

Slide 10: Interview questions (cont)
Slide 11 / 82

Interview questions (cont)

Slide 11: Interview questions (cont)
Slide 12 / 82

Running the interview

Slide 12: Running the interview
Slide 13 / 82

Enriching the interview process

Slide 13: Enriching the interview process
Slide 14 / 82

Data gathering for requirements (cont)

Slide 14: Data gathering for requirements (cont)
Slide 15 / 82

Questionnaires

Slide 15: Questionnaires

Notes

  1. Questionnaires: reach many people; closed (easy to analyse) vs. open questions; Likert scales.

Slide 16 / 82

Questionnaire design

Slide 16: Questionnaire design
Slide 17 / 82

Questionnaire & response format

Slide 17: Questionnaire & response format
Slide 18 / 82

Encouraging a good response

Slide 18: Encouraging a good response
Slide 19 / 82

Example of an online questionnaire

Slide 19: Example of an online questionnaire
Slide 20 / 82

Advantages of online questionnaires

Slide 20: Advantages of online questionnaires
Slide 21 / 82

Problems with online questionnaires

Slide 21: Problems with online questionnaires
Slide 22 / 82

Data gathering for requirements (cont)

Slide 22: Data gathering for requirements (cont)
Slide 23 / 82

Observation

Slide 23: Observation

Notes

  1. Observation: direct (in the field or controlled) or indirect (diaries, logs, web analytics).

Slide 24 / 82

• Direct observation

Slide 24: • Direct observation
Slide 25 / 82

Web analytics

Slide 25: Web analytics
Slide 26 / 82

Slide 26

Slide 26: Slide 26
Slide 27 / 82

Structuring frameworks to guide observation

Slide 27: Structuring frameworks to guide observation
Slide 28 / 82

Ethnography

Slide 28: Ethnography

Notes

  1. Ethnography: observing and taking part in a group’s everyday life over time.

Slide 29 / 82

Ethnography (cont)

Slide 29: Ethnography (cont)
Slide 30 / 82

Ethnography

Slide 30: Ethnography
Slide 31 / 82

Online Ethnography

Slide 31: Online Ethnography
Slide 32 / 82

An Ethnography project for you..

Slide 32: An Ethnography project for you..
Slide 33 / 82

An Ethnography project for you.. (cont)

Slide 33: An Ethnography project for you.. (cont)
Slide 34 / 82

Contextual Inquiry

Slide 34: Contextual Inquiry

Notes

  1. Contextual inquiry: interviewing users in their own work environment while they work (master–apprentice).

Slide 35 / 82

Data gathering for requirements (cont)

Slide 35: Data gathering for requirements (cont)
Slide 36 / 82

Choosing and combining techniques

Slide 36: Choosing and combining techniques
Slide 37 / 82

Summary

Slide 37: Summary
Slide 38 / 82

Techniques in data gathering

Slide 38: Techniques in data gathering
Slide 39 / 82

Data Recording

Slide 39: Data Recording

Notes

  1. Recording: notes, audio, video, photographs.

Slide 40 / 82

Data Recording (cont)

Slide 40: Data Recording (cont)
Slide 41 / 82

Data Recording (cont)

Slide 41: Data Recording (cont)
Slide 42 / 82

Problems with data gathering

Slide 42: Problems with data gathering
Slide 43 / 82

Problems with data gathering (cont)

Slide 43: Problems with data gathering (cont)
Slide 44 / 82

Problems with data gathering (cont)

Slide 44: Problems with data gathering (cont)
Slide 45 / 82

Data gathering guidelines

Slide 45: Data gathering guidelines
Slide 46 / 82

Data gathering guidelines (cont)

Slide 46: Data gathering guidelines (cont)
Slide 47 / 82

Establishing requirements

Slide 47: Establishing requirements
Slide 48 / 82

Different kinds of requirements

Slide 48: Different kinds of requirements

Notes

  1. Kinds of requirements: functional, data, environment/context (physical, social, organizational, technical), user characteristics, usability and UX goals.

Slide 49 / 82

Different kinds of requirements (cont)

Slide 49: Different kinds of requirements (cont)
Slide 50 / 82

Different kinds of requirements (cont)

Slide 50: Different kinds of requirements (cont)
Slide 51 / 82

What are users’ capabilities?

Slide 51: What are users’ capabilities?
Slide 52 / 82

Kinds of requirements

Slide 52: Kinds of requirements
Slide 53 / 82

Persona

Slide 53: Persona

Notes

  1. Persona: a rich, fictional but realistic description of a typical user, built from research data.

Exam angle

PredictionQ1

A fictional, data-based description of a typical user with a name and goals is a:

Slide 54 / 82

Persona

Slide 54: Persona
Slide 55 / 82

Scenarios and Personas

Slide 55: Scenarios and Personas
Slide 56 / 82

Task descriptions

Slide 56: Task descriptions
Slide 57 / 82

Scenario

Slide 57: Scenario

Notes

  1. Scenario: an informal narrative story about how people use a product to carry out a task.

Slide 58 / 82

Use Case

Slide 58: Use Case

Notes

  1. Use case: actor–system interaction for one goal; essential use case: abstract user intention vs. system responsibility.

Slide 59 / 82

Alternative courses for travel organizer

Slide 59: Alternative courses for travel organizer
Slide 60 / 82

Example use case diagram for travel organizer

Slide 60: Example use case diagram for travel organizer
Slide 61 / 82

Example essential use case for travel organizer

Slide 61: Example essential use case for travel organizer
Slide 62 / 82

Task Analysis

Slide 62: Task Analysis
Slide 63 / 82

Hierarchical Task Analysis

Slide 63: Hierarchical Task Analysis

Exam angle

PredictionQ1

Breaking "borrow a book" into numbered subtasks with plans is:

Slide 64 / 82

Example Hierarchical Task Analysis

Slide 64: Example Hierarchical Task Analysis
Slide 65 / 82

Example Hierarchical Task Analysis (graphical)

Slide 65: Example Hierarchical Task Analysis (graphical)
Slide 66 / 82

Summary

Slide 66: Summary
Slide 67 / 82

Data interpretation and analysis

Slide 67: Data interpretation and analysis
Slide 68 / 82

Quantitative and Qualitative

Slide 68: Quantitative and Qualitative
Slide 69 / 82

Simple Quantitative Analysis

Slide 69: Simple Quantitative Analysis
Slide 70 / 82

Visualizing log data

Slide 70: Visualizing log data
Slide 71 / 82

Visualizing log data

Slide 71: Visualizing log data
Slide 72 / 82

Simple Qualitative Analysis

Slide 72: Simple Qualitative Analysis
Slide 73 / 82

Simple Qualitative Analysis

Slide 73: Simple Qualitative Analysis
Slide 74 / 82

Tools to support data analysis

Slide 74: Tools to support data analysis
Slide 75 / 82

Theoretical frameworks for qualitative analysis

Slide 75: Theoretical frameworks for qualitative analysis
Slide 76 / 82

Grounded Theory

Slide 76: Grounded Theory
Slide 77 / 82

Code book used in grounded theory analysis

Slide 77: Code book used in grounded theory analysis
Slide 78 / 82

Excerpt showing axial coding

Slide 78: Excerpt showing axial coding
Slide 79 / 82

Activity Theory

Slide 79: Activity Theory

Notes

  1. Activity theory: subject, object, tools, rules, community, division of labour.

Slide 80 / 82

Individual model

Slide 80: Individual model
Slide 81 / 82

Presenting the findings

Slide 81: Presenting the findings
Slide 82 / 82

Summary

Slide 82: Summary